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See also: Archaeological excavations show that the city may have grown significantly during the rule of the Persian in the 6th century BCE. In 516 BCE, embarked on a campaign to conquer, and, before marching onto what is now and northern. Emperor Darius spent the winter of 516-515 BCE in the region surrounding Taxila, and prepared to conquer the, which he did in 515 BCE, after which he appointed to explore the from the mouth of the Indus to the. Darius then returned to via the. The region continued under Achaemenid suzerainty under the reign of Xerxes I, and continued under Achaemenid rule for over a century.
Hellenistic. A map of Alexander's campaign in. During his invasion of the, was able to gain control of Taxila in 326 BCE without a battle, as the city was surrendered by its ruler, king (Āmbhi).
Greek historians accompanying Alexander described Taxila as “wealthy, prosperous, and well governed.” Mauryan By 317 BCE, the Greek left by Alexander were driven out, and Taxila came under the control of, who turned Taxila into a regional capital. His advisor, was said to have taught at Taxila's university. Under the reign of, Chandragupta's grandson, the city was made a great seat of Buddhist learning, though the city was home to a minor rebellion during this time. Indo-Greek In the 2nd century BCE, Taxila was annexed by the of. Indo-Greeks built a new capital, on the opposite bank of the river from Taxila. During this new period of Bactrian Greek rule, several dynasties (like ) likely ruled from the city as their capital.
During lulls in Greek rule, the city managed profitably on its own, to independently control several local trade guilds, who also minted most of the city's autonomous coinage. In about the 1st century BCE or 1st century CE, an king named had three mints, one of which was at Taxila, and struck coins with obverse legends in Greek. The last Greek king of Taxila was overthrown by the chief around 90 BCE., founder of the, conquered Taxila around 20 BCE, and made Taxila his capital. According to early Christian legend, visited Gondophares IV around 46 CE, possibly at Taxila given that that city was Gondophares' capital city. Kushan In the first century CE, the Greek philosopher visited Taxila, which his team described as a fortified city laid out on a symmetrical plan, similar in size to. Inscriptions dating to 76 CE demonstrate that the city had come under rule by this time, after the city was captured from the by, founder of the. The great Kushan ruler later founded, the most recent of the ancient settlements at Taxila.
Gupta In the mid fourth century CE, the Gupta Empire occupied the territories in Eastern, establishing a Kumaratya's post at Taxila. The City became well known for its Trade links- including Silk, Sandalwood, Horses, Cotton, Silverware, Pearls, and Spices. It is during this time that the City heavily features in Classical Indian Literature- both as a centre of Culture as well as a militarised border City.
Taxila's university remained in existence during the travels of Chinese pilgrim, who visited Taxila around 400 CE. He wrote that Taxila's name translated as 'the Severed Head', and was the site of a story in the life of 'where he gave his head to a man'.
Decline The, vassals of the are known to have invaded Taxila in c. Though repelled by the Gupta Emperor, the city would not recover- probably on account of the strong Hunnic presence in the area, breakdown of trade as well as the. The swept over Gandhāra and around 470 CE, causing widespread devastation and destruction of Taxila's famous Buddhist monasteries and, a blow from which the city would never recover. From 500 CE to 540 CE, the city fell under the control of the Hunnic Empire in South Asia and languished. Visited India between 629 to 645 CE. Taxila which was desolate and half-ruined was visited by him in 630 CE, and found most of its still ruined and desolate. Only a few monks remained there.
He adds that the kingdom had become a dependency of with the local leaders fighting amongst themselves for power. He noted that it had some time previously been a subject of. By the ninth century, it became a dependency of the. The Turki Shahi dynasty of Kabul was replaced by the Hindu Shahi dynasty which was overthrown by with the defeat of. Centre of learning. Main article: By some accounts, Taxila was considered to be one of the earliest (or the earliest) in the world.
Others do not consider it a university in the modern sense, in that the teachers living there may not have had official membership of particular colleges, and there did not seem to have existed purpose-built lecture halls and residential quarters in Taxila, in contrast to the later university in eastern India. Taxila became a noted centre of learning (including the religious teachings of ) at least several centuries BCE, and continued to attract students from around the old world until the destruction of the city in the 5th century. It has been suggested that at its height, Taxila exerted a sort of 'intellectual suzerainty' over other centres of learning in India and its primary concern was not with elementary, but higher education. Generally, a student entered Taxila at the age of sixteen. The ancient and the most revered scriptures, and the Eighteen Silpas or Arts, which included skills such as archery, hunting, and elephant lore, were taught, in addition to its law school, medical school, and school of.
Students came to Taxila from far-off places such as, and Magadha, in spite of the long and arduous journey they had to undergo, on account of the excellence of the learned teachers there, all recognised as authorities on their respective subjects. Notable students and teachers Taxila had great influence on Hindu culture and the language.
It is perhaps best known for its association with, also known as, the strategist who guided and assisted in the founding of the empire. Chanakya's ( The knowledge of Economics) is said to have been composed in Taxila. The healer also studied at Taxila.
He also started teaching at Taxila in the later period. , the grammarian who codified the rules that would define, has also been part of the community at Taxila. The institution is significant in Buddhist tradition since it is believed that the branch of took shape there. , the court physician of the Magadha emperor who once cured the Buddha, and the Buddhism-supporting ruler of Kosala, Prasenajit, are some important personalities mentioned in Pali texts who studied at Taxila.
No external authorities like kings or local leaders subjected the scholastic activities at Taxila to their control. Each teacher formed his own institution, enjoying complete autonomy in work, teaching as many students as he liked and teaching subjects he liked without conforming to any centralised syllabus. Study terminated when the teacher was satisfied with the student's level of achievement. In general, specialisation in a subject took around eight years, though this could be lengthened or shortened in accordance with the intellectual abilities and dedication of the student in question. In most cases the 'schools' were located within the teachers' private houses, and at times students were advised to quit their studies if they were unable to fit into the social, intellectual and moral atmosphere there. Knowledge was considered too sacred to be bartered for money, and hence any stipulation that fees ought to be paid was vigorously condemned.
Financial support came from the society at large, as well as from rich merchants and wealthy parents. Though the number of students studying under a single Guru sometimes numbered in the hundreds, teachers did not deny education even if the student was poor; free boarding and lodging was provided, and students had to do manual work in the household. Paying students, such as princes, were taught during the day, while non-paying ones were taught at night. Was usually expected at the completion of a student's studies, but it was essentially a mere token of respect and gratitude - many times being nothing more than a turban, a pair of sandals, or an umbrella. In cases of poor students being unable to afford even that, they could approach the king, who would then step in and provide something. Not providing a poor student a means to supply his Guru's Dakshina was considered the greatest slur on a King's reputation. Examinations were treated as superfluous, and not considered part of the requirements to complete one's studies.
The process of teaching was critical and thorough- unless one unit was mastered completely, the student was not allowed to proceed to the next. No convocations were held upon completion, and no written 'degrees' were awarded, since it was believed that knowledge was its own reward. Using knowledge for earning a living or for any selfish end was considered sacrilegious.
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Students arriving at Taxila usually had completed their primary education at home (until the age of eight), and their secondary education in the Ashrams (between the ages of eight and twelve), and therefore came to Taxila chiefly to reach the ends of knowledge in specific disciplines. Panorama of the monastery The vast archaeological site includes remains dating to 3360 BCE, and remains dating to 2900–2600 BCE at Sarai Kala.
Taxila, however, is most famous for ruins of several settlements, the earliest dating from around 1000 BCE. It is also known for its collection of Buddhist religious monuments, including the, the monastery, and the monastery. The main ruins of Taxila include four major cities, each belonging to a distinct time period, at three different sites. The earliest settlement at Taxila is found in the section, which yielded pottery shards that date from as early as the late 2nd millennium BCE to the 6th century BCE. The ruins at the site date from the 6th century BCE, and are adjacent to Hathial.
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The ruins of date to the 2nd century BCE, and were built by the region's kings who ruled in the region following 's invasion of the region in 326 BCE. The third and most recent settlement is that of, which was built by rulers of the empire, who ruled from nearby Purushapura (modern ). World Heritage Site Taxila was designated a in 1980 in particular for the ruins of the four settlement sites which 'reveal the pattern of urban evolution on the Indian subcontinent through more than five centuries'. The serial site includes a number of monuments and other historical places of note in the area besides the four settlements at Bhir, Saraikala, Sirkap, and Sirsukh. They number 18 in all.